A History of Art Movements and Styles

A History of Art Movements and Styles Neoclassism was an art and style developed during the late 1700s in the French revolution. It has various visual characteristics: It is solidly modeled using strong direct lights and darks to show form, the compositions are rational in that they are balanced and orderly, presence of strong acidic colors, there are no marks left by the artist since brush strokes are carefully controlled to hide individual strokes and it stresses virtues of classical civilizations of the Greeks and Romans such as discipline, athleticism, education, and moral principles, honesty and charity. Angular and sculptural shapes are normally assigned to males while soft and curvilinear forms depict women. Neoclassical themes are normally centered on classical stories heroic acts and virtues carried out by males who are depicted as gallant and stoic. Felinity in women, on the other hand, is depicted and confined to the domestic and private realm. Neoclassicism is therefore depicted as masculine whereby the male body depicts topical issues on politics, society and sexual attributes. The Neoclassic painting of the famous violinist Paganini by Ingres shows this form perfectly. Romanticism was an art style during the mid 1800s that was a resultant of the revolt against Neoclassicism. The major characteristics of Romanticism are: It attempts to display ideal beauty through dramatic scenes, individual marks of the artist can be viewed, it is a form of art that is based on feelings basically of love rather than thoughts hence gets the viewer to experience strong emotions and it is based on an exotic subject matter. In its theme, it is normally based on atmospheric landscapes with a nostalgic depiction of the past especially the Gothic with a bias towards the primitive such as traditional folk culture, cult of individual heroic figures who are often revolutionaries in art or politics, mysticism, the cult of sensibility that emphasizes on women and children, passion for romance and a fascination with death. The romantic painting of Paganini by Turner attempts to show the feeling of his music through the emotional qualities of the man and physical traits of the c omposer. Impressionism is an art movement or style that started in the mid 1800s in France. There are various characteristics of Impressionism such as: Asymmetrical balance whereby the plunging perspective, cropped forms and art work compositions are balanced asymmetrically; use of pure color whereby pure, prismatic colors fresh from the new tin tubes unmixed on the palette are laid directly on the canvas; use of Impasto or thick paint applied in thick raised strokes to create a roughened uneven texture; use of a high horizon line in order to create a plunging perspective; use of colored shadows and the use of broken color and broken brushstrokes. The theme expresses perceptions of nature by covering rural landscapes, maritime landscapes, pastoral landscapes, bucolic visions of nature and aquatic art. Neo-Impressionist paintings have gone further to entail urban scenes and joyous modern life in working class scenes. One of the famous pieces of art was Girl with a Hoop done by Pierre-Auguste R enoir in 1885. Surrealism is a form of art and a cultural movement that started in the 1920s which drew elements from both Cubism and Expressionism. Over the years, the members have produced great works in visual artworks and writings. There are various characteristics of this style which entail a blend of the depictive, the abstract, and the psychological. Some devices applied are levitation, changing of scale in an object, transparency and use of repetition in creating a typical art form. The juxtaposition of objects that would otherwise not be grouped together is also used in order to convey a certain message or show a metaphor. Most artworks have simple titles that simply state the subject matter for easy comprehensibility. The major theme is the ability of love to overcome reason which has been widely depicted by the French surrealist Desnoss in Deuil pour Deuil whereby the narrator is in a ruined desert city close to a river yet he insists on us. This illustrates a blind quest for love. Other themes covered are sexuality as depicted by Metamorphosis of Narcissus painted in 1937; artistic intention, chance and fatalism; relation between dream and reality and taboos. The basics of cubism can be seen in another art movement such as pointillism and fauvism. Cubism is the art form entailing creation of abstract shapes in three dimension on a two dimensional surface. Artists such as Pablo Picasso have popularized this art form. The artists attempt to show several views on multiple planes of a particular subject is the most distinguishable feature. Cubist art forms are also shallow in depth and perception. It preserves a warped two-dimensional look via a presentation of subjects that are broken up along geometric planes. Analytic Cubist art applies monochromatic color scheme while synthetic cubism adopts multiple color schemes. The most popular theme is still life as depicted by the Still Life with Open Window painting by Rue Ravignan in 1915. This is a work of art that depicts inanimate subject content, commonplace objects such as flowers and manmade objects such as jewellery. Religious and allegorical symbolism is attached to the art. Futurism is an art form that emerged in Italy under the Italian poet, Filippo Marinetti . There are various essential characteristics of futurism such as it includes irregular, agitated lines communicating the movements energy and images being displayed as if in perpetual motion. Futurism is based on a theme of violence, war, anarchy, technology and speed based on an urban background which is conveyed through the artworks energy. Paintings and sculptures glorify life and the changes in technology that transforms objects. Carrà  s Funeral of the Anarchist Galli displays police attacks and the riot aftermath in 1904 Italy. Broken panes and diagonals rendered energetically distinguish this art form. Post-Impressionism is a resultant art form as a widely felt reaction against impressionism. These paintings apply the bright Impressionist palette but create art in a formalized order and structure. Paint application technique applied enables the viewer to see the image from multiple angles. In the art work, one can easily see brushstrokes, the style used and the personal experience of the painter over fidelity, multiple viewing angles and the personal expressiveness of the painter. Paintings are based on realistic scenes of modern life which are displayed by visual effects rather than inclusion of details. This is particularly the case in Alfred Sisleys 1872 painting Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne. Realism is an art form that aims at faithfully representing reality and various aspects of actualities in life. It mainly represents the middle class without any prejudice, romance or idealism. It is characterized by a representation of reality in comprehensive detail with characters being of more importance than the action or plot. There is a complex relationship between characters, nature, social class and their past. The diction applied in the compositions is natural but poetic. This art form deals with ethical issues and choices in its themes. The socio-economic class conflict is addressed in these compositions as a major theme. The widening gaps between rich and poor are depicted by the characters used. Charles Dickens work on David Copperfield, the suffering of impoverished children who have to work in industries illustrates realism explicitly.

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies

An Overview Of Critical Legal Studies The given quotation in question is by Robert Gordon, in Law Ideology as featured in Lloyds Introduction to Jurisprudence by MDA Freeman where he has touched upon critical legal studies. For our purposes, my answer will provide a short explanation of what the critical legal studies is about, then it will feature how law maintains inequality according to critical legal scholars, and what techniques are adopted in response to the inequalities and finally how effective these techniques are. Critical legal studies (hereinafter referred to as the CLS) grew out of a dissatisfaction with current legal scholarship.  [2]  As Raymond Wacks  [3]  put it the most important feature of CLS is its rejection of what is taken to be the natural order of things, be it free market or meta-narratives, or the conception of race. Law based on reason is what attract the scholars of CLS the most. For the scholars of CLS it is to doubt the prospect of uncovering a universal foundation of law based on reason. The myth of determinacy is a significant element of the critical assault on law.  [4]  To the scholars of CLS, law is far from being a determinate, coherent body of rules and doctrine, the law is portrayed as uncertain, ambiguous and unstable.  [5]   If American legal realism was jazz jurisprudence, Critical Legal Studies may be its rock successor.  [6]  Ronald Dworkin found the CLS resembling the older movement of American realism, and for him it was too early to decide whether the CLS is more than an anachronistic attempt to make the then dated movement reflower.  [7]  Professor Hilaire McCourbey and Dr. Nigel D. White  [8]  finds the ultimate target for scholars of CLS is to destroy the notion that there is one single truth, and that by disclosing the all-pervasive power structures and hierarchies in the law and legal system, a multitude of other possibilities will be revealed which are all equally valid. LAW, ITS INEQUALITY AND OTHER ISSUES SURROUNDING LAW The scholars of CLS find it very disturbing how the law maintain inequalities in society. According to the scholars of CLS, legal doctrine is limited and imperfect. Legal doctrines can only offer a narrow view of the world. Robert Gordon finds the legal doctrine to comprise of abstract and impoverished categories. These crude, artificial categories e.g., found in criminal law, laws of contract and family, which will illustrated below, are based on complex human relationships although they in no way reflect or naturally represent with what is occurring. With regard to criminal law, M Kelmen  [9]  uses the example of a wife who, having been battered by her husband, kills the husband. Then she pleads the defence of provocation. Question arises whether the judge is to adopt a narrow time frame  [10]  or that of a broad one  [11]  . No one can say it for sure which law is to be applied here for certain. There may be circumstance where the alleged offender is considered in a narrow time frame basis and another in a broad one. This line of approach is making individuals fall into the contradiction in law faced in criminal law. The law of contract where the principle enshrined in the maxim caveat emptor a maxim devised to protect capitalist interest against the interests of the powerless consumer stands against the principle that it is the function of the state to intervene to protect the weaker party against exploitation is a clear reflection of inequality in law.  [12]  This kind of contradiction in law has always put the judges in confusion as to which principle a judge needs to follow in a given case. It is argued by the scholars of CLS that law is fundamentally political. For D. Kennedy  [13]  there is no line between private and public law. It is a myth.  [14]  There is nothing natural or neutral about contract law as much as administrative law, property law as much as environmental law.  [15]   The law of co-habitation opens range of options to a judge which makes it hardly possible to come to a decision which ultimately causes conflicting outcomes from the courts of law. Where a woman who seeks to enforce a co-habitation agreement against a male partner the question that comes before the court is to choose between (1) common law principle that such agreements are not legally enforceable because of the presumption that such agreements lack the necessary element of an intention to create legal relations and (2) the principle, arising from public policy that it is the duty of the courts to give effect to the intention of the parties. This has always put judges in a difficult position as said earlier. For Peter Gabel,  [16]  one is never, or almost never, a person; instead, one is successively a husband, a bus passenger, a small businessman, a consumer and so on, in contemporary capitalist society. To Mark Kelman,  [17]  liberalism in the eyes of Crits is a system of thought that is simultaneously beset by internal contradiction and by systematic repression of the presence of these contradictions. Liberalism focuses upon individualism and self-interest at the cost of others. The scholars of CLS are against such notion. Such preference is evinced in the laws creation and maintenance of division between the public and private matters. Mills liberty is the perfect example. Mills liberty is the principle that an individual can be compelled where his actions harm others, but must be free where his actions affect himself. The courts always find it difficult to prevent oppression in the private realm because of the legal division between public matters, in which the state or its laws can intervene, and private matters, in which they cannot. The Crits of CLS termed this division as false and a mere illusion. Robert Gordon very clearly mentions that for the Crits, law is inherently neither a ruling-class game plan nor a repository of noble with perverted principles. To Gordon, it is a plastic medium of discourse that subtly conditions how we experience social life.  [18]   Robert Gordon refers to some basic points that the Critics want to make about legal discourse. He refers to discourses of power. Law cannot be a toy for the powerful to play with. However, in reality to avail legal services or matters in conjunction to it one has to be able to wield legal discourses with facility and authority or to pay others, such as lawyers, legislators, lobbyists, etc., to wield them on your behalf is what matters and that is what is takes to posses power in society. For this reason legal discourses tend to reflect the interests and the perspectives of the powerful people who make most use of them.  [19]  This may be regarded as another example of how law maintains inequality in the eyes of the scholars of CLS. However, whether actually being used by the powerful or the powerless, legal discourses are saturated with other non-legal discourses that for the most part rationalise and justify in subtle ways the existing social order as natural necessary and just.   [20]   It is a common phenomenon to make laws to spur economic competitions and thus assisting the elite class in their search for power and wealth. Duncan Kennedy  [21]  mentions that the primary targets in Legal Education are the unhealthy hierarchies at various levels like those existing between lecturers and the students they teach; those between the faculty members and the administrative support and he terms them all as false and unnecessary hierarchy which gets into the mind of law students and thus creates a continual chain of hierarchies. TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LEGAL DISCOURSES Trashing or Debunking As McCourbey and White put it trashing is mainly aimed at revealing the illegitimate hierarchies that exist within the law and society in general.  [22]  The scholars of CLS are essentially engaged in revealing those hierarchies and undermine them. In Marxism the hierarchy of power exist in terms of classes but he we have seen the hierarchy to exist even in universities where there is a power relationship between lecturer and student.  [23]  It is much more complex than the marxists view.  [24]  Trashing involves seeking to question and challenge the mainstream liberal legal regime. Mark Kelmans scepticism towards mainstream or orthodox views of law led to defend trashing against mainstream academic critics and stated that the discrediting of accepted legal argument is good. The following extract from Kelman explains the purpose of trashing or debunking:  [25]   We are also engaged in an active, transformative anarcho-syndicalist political project At the workplace level, debunking is one part of an explicit effort to level, to reintegrate the communities we live in along explicitly egalitarian lines rather than along the rationalised hierarchical lines that currently integrate them. We are saying: Heres what your teacher did (at you, to you) in contracts or torts. Heres what it was really about. Stripped of the mumbo-jumbo, heres a set of problems we all face, as equals in dealing with work, with politics, and with the world.  [26]   The above quotation reveals the tension of exposing hierarchies at work place, specifically it goes on to mention within the law school and expressly between the teachers and students as discussed earlier. Kelman further mentions that one main objective of trashing is to de-stabilising view of the theoretical world that is trapped in liberal legalism. Trashing helps us to see the underlying complacencies and assumed premises in liberal legalism as imperfect and opposes the belief that the world is running smoothly. Robert Gordon, in his Law Ideology, states that trashing techniques are used sometimes simply to attack the discourses on their own terms to show their premises to be contradictory or incoherent and their conclusions to be arbitrary or based on dubious assumptions or hidden rhetorical tricks.  [27]  He claims that this would reveal the hidden truth of obscure realities. Dereification Dereification is aimed at exposing what the scholars of CLS see as one of the most important functions of law in a liberal society.  [28]  Mostly everyone is in a trapped situation that is to say an implicit hierarchy is established in society. The term employee is attached to people who agree to work for another in return for payment and the term employer is used to refer to the person or body who hires them. The use of employer and/or employee is attached with a range of consequences and expectations for both parties. For this reason the parties are led to behave in a particular way that is to say on the basis of their formalised relation under the heads of employer and employee. In this sense reification has occurred. Peter Gabel has characterised law by reification, which involves a gradual process whereby abstractions, originally tied to concrete situations, are then themselves used and operated instead of the concrete. Dereification involves the scholars of CLS to see it th e other way round. Dereification is basically the recognition and exposure of such fallacies to reveal the law as it really is. Delegitimation To delegitimate law the scholars of the CLS attempt to strip away the veneer of legitimacy to reveal the ideological underpinnings of the legal system.  [29]  McCourbey and White states that delegitimation is aimed at exposing what the scholars see as one of the most important functions of law in a liberal society, namely the legitimation of the socio-economic system of that society. This brings the important insights into the law. Genealogy Robert Gordon considers genealogy as another technique to highlight the awareness of the transitory, problematic and manipulable ways legal discourses divide the world which is by writing their history.  [30]   CONCLUSION CLS is considered as radical by many jurists today. It is submitted that CLS and its technique is to filter the process of thinking of mankind. Most of the general public finds anything more acceptable which brings in more explanation for things going around us in our day to day life. CLS and its technique reveal an attempt to bring equality and more thinking into law. Trashing, genealogy, dereification etc. are all well convincing methods of looking into things surrounding our day to day life to find the right reason and hence bring equality in to law. However, it needs to be mentioned as well that too much critical thinking in to anything may not bring the right or convincing result. Therefore, a balance between critical thinking and a liberal approach is a must for a better philosophy. Words Counted:2061

Cuban Missile Crisis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 6, 1945, the world changed forever. The United States had sent a B-29 bomber plane named â€Å"Enola Gay† to fly over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and drop the first atomic bomb ever – â€Å"Little Boy† . The world had never experienced anything like it. One hundred thousand died almost instantly -- most of them were civilians. Three days later, in Nagasaki, another bomb -- â€Å"Fat Man† – was dropped. This time roughly forty thousand died. The people of the world were glad to see that the bombs ended most destructive war ever, but over the course of the forty years the world feared a nuclear battle that could wipe out all humankind off of the face of the Earth. The images that were coming from the aftermath of the bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected almost every person in the world in all aspects. The image of the mushroom-shaped cloud and the desolate city would remain in every person’s mind as an image of destruction and as a warning of the danger of a nuclear war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Manhattan Project was the code name for an effort to create an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers because most of the early research was done in New York City . Refugee physicists sparked the project soon after German scientists had discovered nuclear fission in 1938. Many American scientists feared that Hitler and the Germans would produce a nuclear bomb; consequently, they contacted Albert Einstein to write a letter to United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to help the production of the first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt agreed to assist the scientists and they began the Manhattan Project. The development took place at laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, located on an isolated mesa. The project was to be kept classified under all circumstances. The scientists working at the plant could not even tell their wives about their work, unless they worked there themselves. All the mail in the town was censored; everybody was restricted to a two hundred mile radius and residents were forbidden to tell their friends where they lived. No one in the community had a name; rather everyone was either a â€Å"sir† or â€Å"mister†. The most serious threat to the security of the project was the hiring of Klaus Fuchs who was found guilty of obtaining top-secret documents and sending them to the Soviet Union.

Business Communication at Sainsburys and Cadburys Essay -- Business M

Business Communication at Sainsbury's and Cadburys Communication There are several different types of communication in a business such as Sainsbury's and Cadburys. INTERNAL Telephone ? When the business is a big building or is a group of small way which are close or far away when telling another group of colleges something important e.g. Telling them that their supplies have arrived. It is the main way of communicating around the business. Telephones are appropriate when you need to talk to someone when it is quicker to ring them rather than going all the way over to the person. Face to face communication ? This is when two of more colleges talk to each other face to face. This could be general slacking or telling them useful information. It is the quickest way of communicating. But if the receiver doesn?t write the message down they will forget the message and it may be important to the functioning of the business. Face to face is appropriate when you need to tell someone a message quickly and they are next to you or if they are in the same area as them. Meetings ? Sometimes it is important that everyone meets face to face to discuss business issues. Usually, an assistant writes down what was discussed and agreed. These are called the minutes and everyone gets a copy. One problem of a meeting is that they take time and have to be planned in advance to make sure that everyone can be there. Intranet - The advantages of Ict upon communica...

David The Great :: essays research papers

Creative Writing: A Hero Adventure David the great was a true hero, I will now tell you why, he went through all of the events that heroes go through such as a departure, initiation and return. He also was a national figure, he led the Romans to victory in war and was well known by all, and was also forced to leave his family in time of need knowing he may never return to see them. So here is the story of David the great. It all started when the Cyclops was released onto the earth from his underground cell and started to torment the world and was destroying city after city until David the great and his loyal army were called upon to stop him. But he was reluctant to leave, for he had just been married to his wife and were expecting a child, and knew he may never see his family ever again. But David knew he should go, for so many lives were at stack not only his own, the people of Rome were also at risk, the giant Cyclops was running wild through the city destroying anyone and anything in his path. So David left for Rome for he knew it was his mission to go and battle the Cyclops with his great army and save the Romans from certain doom. So he left with his army after the tough good bye for Rome. On his way to Rome, David stopped at the temple of Wisdom ,who was the god of knowledge, and asked him how to kill the Cyclops. Wisdom told David that the only way to k ill the Cyclops was to stab him in the eye so he could not see. So David left for Rome and when he and his army got to Rome they saw the destruction that the Cyclops had unleashed onto the city, the buildings were all torn down in heaps of rubble and fires had started in some parts of the city. So David and his army wasted no time and went for the Cyclops, but the Cyclops just picked up the men and ate them like they were little action figures. And then David was the only one left and he and the Cyclops froze for a second when there eyes met, so in all of his rage, the Cyclops picked up a vendor’s cart and hurled it like it was a small rock.

Claire Danes Essay

To what extent do you agree with this point? I think Luhrmann’s film version of Romeo & Juliet brings Act 1 Scene 5 to life exceptionally well. His choice of setting, type of music, designs of costumes, and other film directions and language use portray the original Shakespeare version marvellously. Firstly, the scene and setting. Baz Luhrmann has chosen a brilliant location to house the party. The royal look to the Capulet mansion really shows off what life would have been for the people back in the day, especially people as rich and alike in dignity as the Capulets. It is an enormous house, suggesting that life back then for the rich was very grand, and I believe Luhrmann brings this out brilliantly. There is also a very lively, upbeat atmosphere, stating that back in the olden days, people would like to loosen up and enjoy such divine occasions, with a lot going on. The fireworks, with an array of varying colours, being set off outside of the house also states the lively, celebratory, and happy atmosphere inside, in spite of Tybalt and Romeo being in the same house. The chirpy singing by Mercutio also vindicates my point. Secondly, Baz Luhrmann’s use of music is very intricately chosen. At the very start of the party, we can clearly see Mercutio very lively and upbeat, dancing and singing along to a very apt, upbeat song, showing off the party atmosphere amongst everyone in the mansion. As we get further in into the play, we get a very slow, engaging piece of music played when Romeo and Juliet first meet (through a fish tank! ), whilst Luhrmann has decided to drain out the party atmosphere noises in the background. This slow, indulging, romantic music symbolises the first encounter of Romeo and Juliet. Luhrmann has effectively chosen this music, and this really brings out the romantic, love-at-first-sight feel to it all, and it makes us, the audience, engage into the film, and maybe even allows us to relate it to ourselves, as if we were there, within the action. The music seemed to be a bit ‘Heavenly’, where everything would be perfect between Romeo and Juliet, and it felt like love was in the air. Then, when the Nurse pulls Juliet away, the party atmosphere with people talking immediately comes back, making the audience divert the attention back onto the wider picture, but, more subtly, it makes us, as the very eager audience, want to know more about how Romeo and Juliet will pan out from there. At times, there is the slow, depressing music, when Juliet would look back at Romeo whilst being dragged away by the Nurse, and Romeo would hurry up to catch up with Juliet. On a more general note, we can all feel the anger then Tybalt finds out that Romeo is a Montague, with the more thunderous, down-to-Earth, music being played. Thirdly, another key aspect Luhrmann used to make this film so brilliant in my opinion is his choice of clothing. We can clearly get a feel of how grand the Capulets were. Lady Capulet wore a gold dress, showing how high in status she was. Capulet, likewise being so high in status, wore a plush purple robe at the formal event, showing that they were very rich and liked to flaunt what they had. Interestingly, Paris seemed to be wearing some sort of astronaut, spaceship costume. This might suggest that he was pretty smart, rich, high in status too, and quite proud of himself, as stereotypically, I see astronauts like that, as it is a very grand, albeit difficult, job to take on, and so Paris might have thought very fondly about himself. The wings on Juliet’s back might also suggest to us viewers that Juliet was the ‘angelic’, good-girl type of character, who would want everything to be right for herself. Romeo’s knight suit also caught my attention. Again stereotypically, I associate knights in shining armour as the sort of people who would always come to the rescue and save the day, and would woo people away.

Literature and Culture Essay

I. literary utilizations General Introduction literary works is my Utopia. present I am non disenfranchised. No barrier of the senses shuts me out from the sweet, gracious discourses of my discussion frigoals. They chide to me without embarrassment or grace littleness (Helen Keller) Keller could non brace been to a great extent mystify up in this insight virtu exclusivelyy chimees-lettres, and hardly would any whiz who has had a life clip with the pen buttockschat raise any issue or so its fault slightness. homo with his complex, often unfathomcap equal to(p) and atypical archetypes, tintings and actions, and cosmosy convictions restrained by societal norms from plainspokenly exposing what he has wrong him, con lieurs literary productions as a soci fair nowy acceptable fomite for unrestrained self- establishion. literary productions is life. It is a mirror of mans desires and aspirations, his ambitions and accomplishments, his f spikes and anxiety, his joyful and fulfilling moments. Through it, he records his experiences of triumphs and d avouch declivitys, laugh and anguish, de depotination and indecisionfrom things phenomenal to motions mundane.It is however with publications that the tender- flavoured take heed is able to successfully transcend all material barriers to reveal its essence which constitutes the isness of mans being. publications, therefore, is the totality of humanity. The famous French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre succinctly said it all in the sideline line If lit is non boththing, its non worth a item-by-item hour of roughly wizards trouble (http//www. wizardryy citation. com/quotes/key sacred scripture/literature. html). What is literature? ? So all-inclusive and deep is the extent and scope of literature that putt up a interpretation for it is al nigh like limiting its parameters.However, for schoolman purposes, it exit be relevant to apologize what the concept encompasses. ? On a oecumenic perspective, anything that is written is classified advertisement as literature. ? On a stricter sense, however, and across finishs and ages, literature is associated with a rime, or a prevarication article, or a horizontal surface butterfly, a mass or a classroom lesson. ? Literature, as the body of written works of a manner of speaking, period or culture, and produced by scholars and researchers, re straitss us of stories, epics, sacred scriptures and classical works of the antediluvian patriarch and modern-day cartridge holders.Literary works atomic telephone number 18 portrayals of the thinking patterns and social norms prevalent in society. Classical literary works servicing as a food for thought, conceit and creativity. ? A literary article should interest, entertain, stimulate, protract the imagination and experience, or ennoble the proof ref (Roberts 2). It springs as an idea from the need of its manufacturer to bring out across a thought or fe eling. The ascendent starts from an experience or set of experiences, real or imagined, which he thinks he necessitate to sh ar with his public. working(a) on his creative tablet, he recreates the facts to forge true-to-life happenings, or invents incidents, places, and reference books and puts thoughts into the latters minds and expressions in their mouths. Or he whitethorn decide to compress an differently uttermostsighted factual or imagined paper in a a couple of(prenominal) metered or rhythmical lines. The result is an original school schoolbook that satisfies its creators purpose a literary article, an inventive literature. ? Kirszner & opusdell explain that the watch newsworthiness literature immediately stirs in the mind the concept of fantastic literature (1). originative Literature is one which temporarily transports the proof claimer to a different world, amodal value from the carnal and unrestrained realities of his existence, w present he could be take over to view the world with his induce eyeball and heart. visionary literature is not curb to print. A substantial number of viva voce transmitted imaginative literatures fork over set the customs in their respective literary musical music genres and learn re primary(prenominal)ed among the nearly respectable pieces in the literatures of the world. Why should we set literature? Literature that is imaginative sight have far-r all(prenominal)ing effects on the reader (Kirzner & Mandell 2-3).?The characters, scenes, scenes, effectual dustup, and c arfully and masterfully genuine secret plan female genitals delight the reader and offer him an ephemeral escape from the stiffness, boredom, nonetheless out cruelty of the world nigh him. ? It dirty dog transport the reader out of the limits of his time and lieu, and get him into seeing an separate doable phase of life. Meaningful insights wad be draw from wholesome literary school textbooks. ? It wad bring h im to a level where he is able to see his life oft quarryively, up close and ain.This is beca social function literature reveals truths nigh humanity. More than a mere verbal description of masses and what they do, literature brings the reader to a slice of virtual life in which he (the reader) consciously experiences his humanity. This is an added value of literature. ? It is an alley for him to view and to a lower place hold out his own experiences and those of early(a)wises. Reflecting stack make him much sensitive to the needs of otherwises and his own. Literature, then, substructure military service as a value guide as headspring as a poke out to an depth psychology of values and importations close the realities in life.? Imaginative literature is founded on factshi stage, pure science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, mathematics, and other branches of issueledge. The in pathation load it carries grass be other added value to the reader. Similarly, li terature that is imaginative has pronounced values for the writer (Krizner & Mandell 3). ? It is a creative avenue for self-expression. A writer back unravel the ill-effects of ethnic patterns and norms, and can suggest ways to remedy a stinking outline finished the characters of his in brief write up, novel, or play, or the persona in rime.Also, he reveals his individuality and uniqueness as a writer in the way he manipulates the elements of his genrecharacter, consideration, language, format, and style. ? It is an expression of joint cultural values. A writer has his own mind more or less a puzzle or issue, only if that thought is shaped by the collective sentiment, aspiration, philosophy, value, even fears of the union or cultural group he belongs to. Literature provides opportunities for the transport of these ethnic or cultural thoughts, feelings, and biases to peoples across cultural moulds.It is in this way that literature can stand as the conscience and consci ousness of the musical compositionnership which created it. Literary literary genres and Culture Traditions in literature include baring works into literary types or genres. Genre compartmentalisation can have several advantages (web. nchu. edu. tw/chtung/1986. doc. 2-6). ? It can bring about an order or a system in the handling of literary texts and, in effect, facilitates choice of materials akin to ones interests, which can result in greater understanding and appreciation.For example, a reader who has an ear for musicality and rhythm will survival up a poetic text much likely than he would a book of illustration. ? It has resulted in the writing of standards for each(prenominal) genre. With the aid of these writing standards, literary creators atomic number 18 able to craft their works more systematically. Thoughtfully dismission over the standards for a manoeuvre will aptly leg a novice writer to condense on what the earreach will attend for in a play. Con measur ely, a connoisseur who is familiar with genre standards will know on the nose what to look for in a literary work.?The existence of genre classification is one avenue that can lead to the meeting of minds between the reader and the writer. When the brain has identified beforehand what it is looking for in a text (schemata-text matching through knowledge of specific genre), comprehension of the text will be less stressful, less threatening and more enjoyable. Culture-based Literary Traditions 1. Genre Classifications. The presence of tralatitious and universally recognised genres does not dictate the uniformity of genre classifications and the standards for each genre.Not all genre classifications atomic number 18 present in all places, and not all places observe the homogeneous standards for each classification. Every culture has its own genre, owing to the variations in the experiences and aspirations of the people in each culture. For example ? The sonnet which is prevalent in horse opera traditions is not come up known in China or among the Arab nations ( Kirszner & Mandell 2). ?The kabuki play of Japan has as yet no counterpart in western countries (Kirszner & Mandell 2). ? We still have to see a counterpart of the Filipino pasyon in other literary traditions.2. annals organization conventions. The standards on the presentation of events in a diagram can vary from culture to culture specifically with orally transmitted literature (Kirszner & Mandell 2). For example ? both(prenominal) native American and African stories dating to the early stage of cultural begining atomic number 18 ordered spatially, not chronologically as is the tradition in al some all cultures. all incidents that took place in one setting argon narrated, then the narration moves to taper on all the incidents in another setting, and so on until all the events ar completely retold.Even character evolution is not reachn as much focus in some traditionalistic African a nd Native American stories as it is in present-day fiction (Kirszner & Mandell 3). 3. causa development. Present-day fiction puts much furiousness on the identity and the development of character. This is not so in some traditional African and Native American stories. Kirszner & Mandell order that in some of these records, characters ar sometimes not aroused and can even slip roles towards the end of the story (3). Genre Classifications and cadenceEarlier literary works were group more generally than those in the present. modern-day literature is lumped into four big groupsprose fiction, poe purify, nonfictional prose prose, and drama (Roberts 3) magical spell primarily traditions know three groups fiction, non-fiction and poetry. The drama in its traditional form subprogramd verse, which explains why it was categorised as poetry. Although not markedly divergent from the present literary groupings, the old genre classification radiates those which societies then co nsidered to be what mattered most. The Genres of LiteratureCritics could not seem to agree on one topper way literary writings should be grouped however, most authorities name four categories for classifying literature (Roberts 3). 1. Narrative fiction or prose fiction. This is the literary type which early comes to mind when the word fiction is mentioned. Narration, or retelling past events, is what makes fiction what it is. ? Narrative fiction gives an accounting of a series of events, factual or imagined however mostly imagined.? champion character, the lifter, or a few characters is/are at the focalise of theseevents, causation them to happen and or causing him to be transformed. ? He is confronted with a task, the resoluteness power of which is his primary concern, and the action he takes towards its resoluteness is the reason for his transformation. He may or may not outgo the riddle. ?Some events in fictional news reports are drawn from historical incidents enti rely fictionalized through switch over of names, places, and time, and a slight tweak in the plot. ? Through narrative fiction, the author is able to express his thoughts about a problem or issue, and/or is able to entertain.Classifications of Narrative Fiction a. Myth. This prose fiction, which punctuates the literary beginnings of practically every cultural group, is a story revolve about on how the gods related to humanshow authoritative places, beings, and places came to be, how the gods biases made some peoples lives fulfilling and rendered others lives miserable, how conflicts among the mortals affected the gods or vice versa. Myths can also be about struggles among cultural heroes, each one representing the time- constituted beliefs of a particular(prenominal) cultural group. b. Parable.This is a fiddling narrative about some mean(a) experiences of a group of people and is meant to connect to the program line of a certain moral, or the throbbing foundation of a philo sophical, social, religious, or political teaching. The Jewish tradition best exemplifies the use of parables. c. Romance. This refers to lengthy Spanish and French stories of the sixteenth and 17th centuries, especially about the adventures and ordeals of the royal house and the members of their court. It can also refer to modern formulaic stories describing the growth of an impulsive, cardinal and powerful make love relationship.d. Short story. Owing to its relative brevity, this is the most hot type of narrative fiction. The plot may revolve around one or devil main characters facing a difficulty. There are high as easily as low points in their lives but, almost always, each ones life will not go back to exactly the like point where it began. Be causal agent of the little space dictated by the stainlesslyened form of the text, interactions and relationships resulting in changes in character, no matter how subtle, are give awayd briefly. e. Novel. This is a condensed story in extended form. continuance being its advantage over the short story, the novel permits the full and sometimes unadulterated development of the interactions that lead to changes in some characters disposition, thoughts, feelings, or aspirations (Roberts 5). 2. Poetry. A rime is a literary form that expresses a monologue or a conversation grounded on the most deeply mat up experiences of human beings (Kirszner & Mandell 522). ? It is acclaimed as the oldest and the most popular among the literary forms. ? It is the most variable in length, outpouring from a few syllables, as in the Japanese haiku, to hundreds of stanzas, as in the epic.?The language is compressed in a few lines or verses place in contour with the principles of form, rhythm, and sometimes meter and rhyme. ? It has a closely- restore imagery and suggestive forms of expression, making it the most puzzling and, therefore, the most open to multiplex interpretations. These qualities make poetry unique (R oberts 5). ? Among earlier cultures, for example, Hellenic and Roman, poetry served as a fomite for the expression of the spiritual and the philosophical. With the acquittance of time, poetry has gained an added valuethat of expressing the most profound ideas and the deepest emotions of humanity.Across the cultures of the present, poetry remains to inspire, to delight, and to serve as a vehicle for the concerns of the heart (Kirszner & Mandell 522). Classifications of Poetry f. Narrative poetry. This is a story in verse, of which there are two familiar forms i. Epic. Apparently the more familiar of the two, an epic is a narrative account in verse of the accomplishments of a larger-than-life figure, a folk hero who exhibits terrible physical powers and superhuman dispositions, of gods, and other wizard(prenominal) entities.The account covers a wide sphere of time and place, and reflects the cultural characteristics of the people who wrote it. Although some epics are credited to particular authors, others are ascribed to their countries or cultures of origin. This is because epics of old were handed cut back orally, in plain verse or in song, and, as a result, grew and veritable as they passed from one generation to the next, at long last mirroring the evolution of the peoples traditions and norms. Of world-wide renown are The Iliad of Homer, The Aeneid of Virgil, Beowulf of the Anglo-Saxons, and Mahabharata of the Hindus.ii. Ballad. corresponding the epic, the ballad traces its origin to oral tradition. Originally intend to be sung, this narrative rime carries one outstanding characteristicits use of repeating of oral communication and phrases, including a refrain. g. Lyric Poetry. This numbers does not attempt to tell a story. Possessing a very personal and prejudiced nature, it conveys the verbalizers feelings, biases and aspirations, state of mind, and perceptions in a melodious mode. Lyric poetry sub-types include the future(a) (Kirzsner & Mandell 525-526) iii. Ode.This is a long lyric poetry which is, generally, on a serious subdue, such as an historic concept (for example, license), person, or any other entity in nature (for example, the sun) and with a orchis poetic diction and meditative mood. The meter centers on the speakers observations about the stem and usually winds up with an exertion towards shedding light on an emotional problem. Owing to its Greek origin, it is often mean to be recited or sung by two choruses. iv. Elegy. This lyric sub-type is meant to mourn the cursory of a specific person.As such, it is characterized by a melancholy and plaintive mood and an ending that offers consolation. It may also reflect what the author considers to be mysterious, uncertain, or strange. v. Pastoral. In contrast to the elegy, the pastoral has a light, happy, even romantic mood as it celebrates the simple mindedness and idyll of country life. vi. Occasional poem. This poem is meant for a particular ev ent, for example, a wedding, the founding of a prominent church leader, the putting up of a landmark, or a presidents inaugural. vii.Poems on unremarkable activities. Poems are sometimes written to express the writers feelings or describe his experiences about day-to-day events, for example, going about the daily chores, herding the animals back to their corral, or move the trolley. viii. Aubade. This poetic form is specifically written to celebrate or lament the orgasm of a new day, specifically the arrival of good morning. Dawn is often welcomed with joy and hope, but it can also bring desperation to a persona who sees it as a signal to leave his lover. ix. Meditation.An ordinary object can be employ as a vehicle to consider important, more serious issues. A poem that is centre on this is called meditation. Kriszner and Mandell cite Edmund Wallers Go, good-natured Rose as an example (526) in which the speaker tells the rose meant to be delivered to his doll love his mess age for the peeress. Far more important than his dustup of adoration is his advice for the lady not to waste the charm and time bestowed upon her since time flies and beauty fades in no time. x. Dramatic monologue. In this poem, the speaker addresses one or more listeners who is/are absent.In the process, the speaker unravels the dramatic saying of the situation and reveals his psychological and emotional side of the issue at hand, which is usually less interesting than how he (the speaker) treats it. Some authors use the term dramatic lyric. xi. Some authors classify the epigram, a verse in two to four lines with characteristic wit and sarcasm, under lyric poetry Cited as a classic example is Alexander popes On the Collar of a Dog (voices. yahoo. com) which runs in two lines. In most cases, however, an epigram is not a stand-alone piece but forms part of a longer poetic composition. xii. otherwise cultures have their own types of lyric poems, e. g. , ghazal in Urdu, and rondeau in French. h. Satirical Poetry. As far back as the old age of the Roman empire, poetry was already used as a powerful vehicle for political purposes. This tradition continues to these days. Many who are disgruntled with any system or structure choose to amplify their rancor and discontent artistically through guardedly crafted satirical poems. Poetry can have several forms. i. Sonnet. It comes in 14 lines arranged in three quatrains and a duad Shakespearean or English or an octave and a sestet Petrarchan or Italian.The iambic pentameter is generally used in sonnets. ii. Cinquian. It has five short lines with the interest pattern line 1 one word or 2 syllables line 2 2 language or 4 syllables 3 talking to or 6 syllables 4 words or 8 syllables 1 word or 2 syllables. iii. Haiku. This is a verse of Japanese origin consisting of three rhymeless lines of 5 7 5 morae (quantity of time equivalent to a short syllable). A traditional haiku carries a word pertaining to the seasons a nd a cutting word, called kireji, used at the end of one of the three lines.Incidentally, there is no English equivalent of the cutting word concept (www. poemofquotes. com/haiku). iv. Tanka. Like the haiku, tanka is a Japanese verse but consists of five lines. The premiere and third lines carry five syllables each while the rest of the lines have 7 syllables each. v. Concrete poem. This poem uses typographythe bearing of the printed textto enhance its message. Thus, visual elements such as punctuation marks, symbols, and arrangement of words on the printed page, or the shape of the poem, are elemental in driving base of operations the writers message.A poem about the magical sounds of a bell is shaped like a flower, while one that has nature as subject may take the shape of a tree or a bird. optical poems, pattern poems, and size poems are examples of concrete poems (www. poemsofquotes. com/articles/concrete-poetry. php). vi. Blank verse. This type of verse uses rimeless iambi c pentameter. vii. Free verse. Unlike the unclouded verse, this type of verse may be rhymed or unrhymed but does not observe a fixed meter. 3. Drama.This literary genre is meant to be presented on stage. Actors portray the events in the story as though these were happening in thepresent. Like narrative fiction, there is a problem around which all action revolves. At the center maybe a single character or a weensy number of characters who carry the burden of resolving the conflict and on whose actions and thoughts the attention of the audience is largely focused.The protagonist may overcome the problem or may be overcome by it. Unlike in a narrative fiction, the audience in a drama are able to actually witness the fictional events as they happen, making the experience direct and side by side(predicate) to life than in narrative fiction. i. Tragedy. oftentimes associated with the bizarre and the disastrous, and in keeping with Greek tradition, this type of drama is focused on treat ing serious subjects and involving persons of significance (Kirszner & Mandell 917, citing Aristotles Poetics). ? At the center of the drama is a character, the protagonist, who is noble, respected, perfect from almost all angles, except for one flaw which is not obvious at the start but which will ulterior manifest to a very essential point that will suffice to cause his down revert. ? A very important lesson is conveyed heremans condition in life is one ofnobility. ?The purpose of the play is to bring the audience to an experience of sympathize with for the profound character as he wrestles with the trials in his life and with experiences of fear of going through the same situation. ? The audience is judge to leave the theater with the resolution to not follow the tragic path which the central character of the play took. j. Comedy. This type of drama sits on the other end of the spectrum. It is intentional to treat themes and characters with humor and typically has a happy en ding (Kirszner & Mandell 917).? The main character is an ordinary individual whose life is open to the public, and whom the public knows to be carrying a robe of his true self all along. ? The japery is meant to take away that mask from the protagonist and to reveal to the audience his simplicity and foolishness, his insufficiency of understanding of things, his being selfish, hypocritical, vain, weak, irrational, and capability for self-delusion (Kirszner & Mandell 917). ? Ironically, it is the waggery that brings entertainment and laughter to the audience who, unknowingly, is the subject of criticism of the action in theplay. k.Farce. This is a humorous play. But unlike the comedy, the plot does not depend on the development of a character but on a situation that is exploited ingeniously. The term can speak for itself. 4. Nonfiction Prose. whatsoever literary form not move under any of the categories just mentioned is classified as nonfiction prose. This group consists of a wide array of fact-based and fact-oriented written materials presenting judgments and opinions and which are created mainly as sources of information.News reports, mark articles, essays, editorials, textbooks, and biographic and historical works fall under this category. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the interest for biographical and historical works, a good number of which have become bestsellers. Many schools have shifted to biographical and historical novels for required assimilator readings. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The statements that follow are back up by the foregoing discussions except one. come up that sentence. l. Literature is a potent vehicle to convey a personal longing. m.The most extreme of human experiences are the only ones considered as worthy literary materials. n. Mans freedom of self-expression can be best exemplified by the almost unconditioned breadth of possibilities in literature. o. Reading a literary text is experiencing the writers unspoke n regret or praise. 2. decide the sentence which is not supported by the foregoing discussions. a. Defining literature is not always necessary. b. Imaginative literature can be a rich source of lessons about living life. c. A well written literary text can cause a change in a persons disposition.d. scripted literature has always been the better tradition. 3. Which of the following statements best paraphrases the opening quote? a. Literature is the source of Helen Kellers highest point of contentment. b. Keller and her friends read literature a lot and sustain much meaning from it. c. Being dodge and deaf, Keller finds literature reading as the best pastime. d. Kellers friends love to hear her theatrical role with them what she has read and what she thinks about them.4. Imaginative literature differs from other literary forms in the following ways except one. e.Imaginative literature builds on a writers personal experience and shares it factually with the reader. f. Mundane and odd human experiences are vividly recreated and emphasize with some of the writers imaginative thoughts. g. Imaginative literature is everything that transports the reader to a different world, stimulates his creative mind, and appeals to his sense of values. h.Mans most profound thoughts and feelings are expressed in symbols and images. 5. Which three (3) statements are not supported by the discussions on the value of literature? i. Every literary text has its own place in the arena of values.j.Longer texts, such as the novel and the drama, have a more profound reader-impact than shorter ones, such as proverbs and haikus. k. One of the added values of literature is that it requires interpretation and abstract of meaning. l. Literature has to be historical for it to be prized. m. A song expressing a prisoners longing for immediate freedom is an ethnicity-inspired literary piece. 6. C. S. Lewis is quoted to have said Literature enriches the necessary competencies that daily life re quires and provides and in this respect, it irrigates the desert that our lives have already become. This quote supports the idea that n. Basically, literature is based on world knowledge. o. Literature brings entertainment to its audience. p. on tap(predicate) in every literary text are several insights about substantive living. q. Literature enables the reader to grasp the meaning of his experiences and those of the people around him. 7. Which of the following statements is not true about poetry? r. It dates back to the earliest years of mans literary experience. s. It is strictly metered, rhymed, and rhythmical. t.It can start out the most profound and the most ordinary human experience in a few words. u. The poets message is mantled in rich symbols and other forms of resonant expressions. 8. Although sometimes classified as poetry, hook is proprietarily a type of narrative fiction _____ v. owing to its length. w. because it is basically intended to give an account of past i ncidents in story format. x. since it is situated at a defined past time and space. y. because it is about adventure. 9. The following is an English translation of a Bilaan poem attributed to pre-colonial times.Bilaan is a tribal group of gray Mindanao, which is the second biggest island in the Philippines and is situated in the southernmost part of the archipelago. The early people were renowned hunters and food gatherers (blog. travelpod. com/travel-blog-entries/aliawan/1/1262268183/tpod. html). The language of the people is also called Bilaan. ) Read the poem carefully to be able to assist the question below. LAMGE What can we do? Oh, what can we do? This is our work, this we should do. Oh my, how, oh how is this to go on? Continue, then come back when you reach the top. Tis not there Tis not here they said. Well try till we can make it. Its not here, according to them, but fall apartt relax Dont be surprised. Theyre still far. allows hurry (Lumbera & Lumbera 11) What sub-ty pe of poetry is Lamge? a. a poem on everyday activities. b. perfunctory poem. c. pastoral d. meditation 10. Which of the following work values were prized by the early Bilaans as evidenced by the poem LAMGE? z. creativity and leisure . individual recognition and prestige . collaboration and achievement . autonomy and payment 11. Study the following move outs then key out that which is not taken from imaginative literature.. EDSA (the name of the highway in Metro manilla that runs north to south from Caloocan to Baclaran) has become the popular designation of the revolt which began as a military mutiny on February 21 1986 and developed into a popular insurrection in Manila that culminated in the escape cock of the dictator and his family to Hawaii, U. S. A. on February 24, 1986. The revolt established the presidency of Corazon Aquino which was marked by the issue of pre-Martial Law society (Lumbera & Lumbera 364). . It was raining the morning of the execution. I remember how b rackish and tearing was the sky.God has sliced open the sun, spilling its innards, mould out its heart. That sun had never seemed the same to me ever since. The cold air scraped the insides of my lungs and chilled my nape. It was the premier(prenominal) dawn I had awakened to. The first time to witness the botherationed risky birthing of light (Lumbera & Lumbera 377). . And so we talk/ our words trying to capture/pain caroming/like the balls of ivory/ Our voices rise/and fall/ as we sit in a circle/ racing our other lives/ the beginnings/ of love/ rich and red/ as the felt on the board (Lumbera & Lumbera 422).Matumal ang pasada nang buong umagang iyon at naipasiya kong igarahe muna sa bahay and minamanehong taksi kesa magsayang ng gasolina. Pababa na ako nang sa paglingon koy nasulyapan ko ang clutch base of operations na iyon sa may paanan ng likurang-upuan. Kinabahan ako at patawarin ako ng mga anak kong piquance kong lumaking matitino, lumabo sabi nga ang tingin ko sa tama t mali, sa masamat mabuti. Paano kung limpak-limpak na pera ang laman ng clutch bag?Kung bara-barang ginto o alahas kaya? Isosoli ko pa ba? Managot kaya ako kung saka-sakali? (Lumbera & Lumbera 422). (The trips were far between the whole morning and I decided totemporarily drive home the cab rather than keep going through the streets and waste gas.I was about to get down when in a inspect I noticed that clutch bag at the foot of the backseat. I began to feel restless and my children whom I wanted to grow responsible may they forgive me, my sense of beneficial and wrong, good and bad, blurred. What if the clutch bag contained loads of money? What if it had bars of gold, or jewelry? impart I return it? Will I answer for my action just in case? ) 12. Choose the excerpt that is taken from imaginative literature. . Home making is really throttle making it is about deciding who is in as well as who is out.I began this project on Filipino Americans in San Diego at the put offthe U. S. -Mexico border. Since the mid-1970s, the militarization of the U. S. -Mexico border region has intensified. From San Diego to the Rio Grande Valley, build up U. S. federal agents patrol key border points to block illegal crossersto keep them from invasive our homes. Since 1994, Operation Gatekeeper, a high-profile blockade-style operation, has turned the San Diego-Tijuana border region into a war zone, get-up-and-go immigrants to attempt more treacherous crossings in the forbidding mountains and deserts east of San Diego (Espiritu 205-206).In the annals of human adversity, there is etched a crabmeat, of a breed so malignant that the least contact exacerbates it and stirs in it the sharpest of pains. And thus, many times amidst modern cultures I have wanted to evoke you, sometimes for memories of you to keep me company, other times, to compare you with other nationsmany times your beloved image appears to me afflicted with a social cancer of similar malignancy (Rizal, Dedicat ion of Noli Me Tangere).